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Chicago 18th Referencing

Instructions and links for Referencing support

In-text formatting rules

  • A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a quote.
  • The number is raised which is known as superscript.
  • Every number must have a corresponding footnote number and entry at the bottom of the page.
  • The number follows any punctuation, for example it should appear after the full stop at the end of your sentence.
  • Footnote number should be consecutive beginning with 1.

Quoted text may be either run-in to the surrounding text and enclosed in quotation marks or set off as a block quotation. In general a short quote should be run-in and quotes longer than 100 words should be block quotes.

  • Run-in quotes

Incorporate the quote grammatically into your sentence and enclose the exact words in quote marks like this:

The narrator’s constant references to “malicious code and obsolete data” detract from a more fundamental issue—that we are dumping “the burden of human history" onto computer hard drives.

  • Block quotes

Start the quote with a new paragraph and indent the text. Use double spacing and include the page number in the corresponding footnote. Do not use quotation marks.