Chicago 18th Referencing

• Author's names appear as the first element in the reference.
• Use the full names of authors in the footnote eg. Anne Cleary.
• Authors’ names are normally given as they appear within the source itself. If correct identification is needed, first names may be given. If an author uses their given name in one cited work and initials in another (e.g., “Mary L. Jones” versus “M. L. Jones”), the same form, preferably the fuller one, should be used in references to that author for both works.
• Two or three authors (or editors) of the same work are listed in the order in which they appear with the source.

Subsequent citations of sources already given in full should be shortened whenever possible. The short form should include enough information to remind readers of the full title or to lead them to the appropriate entry in the bibliography. The most common short form consists of the last name of the author and the main title of the work cited, usually shortened if more than four words.

Full footnote:

¹ Samuel A. Morley, Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: The Impact of Adjustment and Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 24–25.

Subsequent citation:

Morley, Poverty and Inequality, 43.

• If you are citing several sources in the one footnote, separate them using semi-colons.
• In your bibliography, list each source separately.

Footnote:

²³ Paul Jackson, Cut and Fold Paper Textures (London: Laurence King, 2017), 36; Jason Franz, "Magic Wand: The Power of the Ballpoint Pen," Drawing 14, no. 54 (Summer 2017), Art & Architecture Complete.

Bibliography entry:

Franz, Jason. "Magic Wand: The Power of the Ballpoint Pen," Drawing 14, no. 54 (Summer 2017), Art & Architecture Complete.

Jackson, Paul. Cut and Fold Paper Textures (London: Laurence King, 2017).

• It is generally discouraged to include extensive discussion of the content referenced within the footnote space. If it is important enough to discuss, it should be in the main body of your work.
• However if you are including a comment in your footnote, the source information comes first then a full stop, then your comments.

Example:

Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act 3, sc. 1. Caesar’s claim of constancy should be taken with a grain of salt.

• In your research you will often encounter resources where an author refers to another researcher's work. A source within another source is known as a secondary source.
• Generally it is discouraged to cite a source from within another source as you are expected to have consulted the work directly. However sometimes this is not possible. In these cases the footnote should list both the original source first, joined by words such as "quoted in" or "discussed in" and then list the secondary source.

Example:

²³ Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

• Chicago Manual of Style 18th edition discourages the use of ibid. in your footnotes in favor of shortened footnotes. 
• Shortened footnotes generally take up less than a line, meaning that ibid. saves no space.
• Also, the use of ibid. can obscure the identity of a source.

What is a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)?

A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by the International DOI Foundation to identify digital content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. Publishers assign a DOI when an article is published and made available online.

DOIs follow a standard format:

https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

The format includes:

• https://doi.org/ at the beginning
• The prefix (e.g., 10.1234), is a unique number of four or more digits assigned to the organisation
• The suffix, is created by the publisher and may vary depending on their identification standards
• The prefix and the suffix separated by a slash

Important Note: We’ve recently encountered errors in some articles where the DOI includes an incorrect domain such as simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au. This domain should not appear in the DOI format. If you come across a DOI like this, please check the article carefully to locate the correct DOI—often it can be found in the PDF version of the document or by checking the Library MultiSearch "Citation" record.

Where to find a DOI?

DOIs are usually located:

• on the first page (abstract page) of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice or near the author's address.
• on the database landing page in the Full Record Display of the article with the field labelled DOI.
• on the PDF version of an article DOIs will be located on the cover sheet, towards the top or the bottom of the article.

Can't find the DOI?

Not all publications have a DOI, and not all databases list DOIs where available. If you are unable to locate a DOI for a publication, you can use the online free DOI lookup on CrossRef. Simply enter the author’s surname along with the title of the publication in Search on article title and click "Search".

You can also find a publication by using the DOI resolver on International DOI Foundation. Simply enter the DOI and click "Go".