APA 7th Referencing

In-text citation

(Author family name & Author family name, Year) OR Author family name and Author family name (Year) stated that...

Example

(Moir & Jessel, 1991) OR Moir and Jessel (1991) stated that...

Reference list

Family name, Initial(s).

Example

Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. Mandarin.

Note:

• List both author names in the order they appear in the source.
• Use & between the author names. 

In-text citation

(First author family name et al., Year) OR First author family name et al. (Year) stated that...

Example

(O'Keefe et al., 2016) OR O'Keefe et al. (2016) stated that...

Reference list

List all author names - Family name, Initial(s). 

Example

O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K. L. (2016). Diabetes essentials. Jones and Bartlett.

Note:

• List author names in the order they appear in the source.
• Use commas between author names, with & before the final author's name. 

In-text citation

(First author family name et al., Year) OR First author family name et al. (Year) stated that ...

Example

(Nath et al., 2019) OR Nath et al. (2019) stated that ...

Reference list

Family name, Initial(s). of the first 19 authors then follow with a comma and three spaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s family name, Initial(s).

Example

Nath, A. P., Ritchie, S. C., Grinberg, N. F., Tang, H. H., Huang, Q. Q., Teo, S. M., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Wurtz, P., Havulinna, A. S., Santalahti, K., Pitkanen, N., Lehtimaki, T., Kahonen, M., Lyytikainen, L. P., Raitoharju, E., Seppala, I., Sarin, A. P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., . . . Inouye, M. (2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals variants with widespread immune, haematological, and cardiometabolic pleiotropy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(6), 1076-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.001

For title of article, chapter or web page 

In-text citation

("First words of article, chapter or web page title", Year) OR "First words of article, chapter or web page title" (Year) showed that...

Example

("Vitamin K for Newborns", 2016) OR "Vitamin K for Newborns" (2016) showed that...

Note: Use double quotation marks "....." and Title Case (capitalise each word) 

Reference list

Vitamin K for newborns. (2016). Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 61(5), 675-676. http://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12550

For title of book, brochure or journal

In-text citation

(Title of book, brochure or journal, Year) OR Title of book, brochure or journal (Year) defined...

Example

(CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Business, 1993) OR CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Business (1993) defined...

Note: Italicise and use Title Case (capitalise each word) 

Reference list

The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). CCH Australia.

In-text citation

(First author - First name initial(s). Family name, Year) OR First author - First name initial(s). Family name (Year) argued that ...

(First author - First name initial(s). Family name & Second author - Family name, Year) OR First author - First name initial(s). Family name and Second author - Family name (Year) argued that...

Examples

(J. P. Lewis, 2007) OR J. P. Lewis (2007) argued that….

(R. Lewis, 2007) OR R. Lewis (2007) stated that...

(S. Lewis & Edwards, 2015) OR S. Lewis and Edwards (2015) found that .....

Note:

• Include each First author’s initial(s) in all citations.
• Do this for the first author only when there are multiple authors in a single reference. 
• Initial(s) are included even if year of publication differs.

Reference list

Format

List in alphabetical order by initial

Examples

Lewis, J. P. (2007)

Lewis, R. (2007)

Lewis, S., & Edwards (2015)

In-text citation

(Author - full First name Family name, Year) OR Author - full First name Family name (Year) has argued that ....

Example

(Jessica Lewis, 2017)...(James Lewis, 2014) OR Jessica Lewis (2017) has argued that ....James Lewis (2014) noted that ....

Note: If you use sources whose authors have the same family name AND same initial, include the first (given) name within in-text references.

Note:

• If the author's last name has two parts separated by a space or a hyphen, include both parts in the in-text citation and the reference list
• If the author's name includes a particle, e.g. de, der, van, von, include both parts in the in-text citation and the reference list

In-text citation

(Author family name, Year) OR Author family name (Year) claimed that ...

Examples

(Rivera-Gutierrez, 2016) OR Rivera-Gutierrez (2016) claimed that …

(Torres Cacoullos, 2012) OR Torres Cacoullos (2012) claimed that ...

(von Thiele Schwarz, 2015) OR von Thiele Schwartz (2015) claimed that ...

(de Beauvoir, 2011) OR de Beauvoir (2011) claimed that ...

(St. John, 2016) OR St. John (2016) claimed that ...

Reference list

Author family name, Initial(s).

Example

de Beauvoir, S. (2011). The ethics of ambiguity. Philosophical Library

In-text citation

(Anonymous listed as author name, year) OR Anonymous listed as author name (year) stated that...

Example

(Anonymous, 1996) OR Anonymous (1996) stated that...

Note:

• Only ever use Anonymous when it is the listed author.
• If no author is listed, use the title.

Reference list

Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. Random House

In-text citation 

First Use

(Group Name [abbreviation], Year) OR Group Name (abbreviation, Year) mentioned that...

Example

(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2012) OR Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2012) mentioned that

Subsequent Uses

(Abbreviation, Year) OR Abbreviation (Year) mentioned that...

Example

(AIHW, 2012) OR AIHW (2012) mentioned that

Note:

• Groups as authors include government departments, professional associations, company names, organisations. 
• If the group author does not have an abbreviation, write the name in full.
• Use the full name, not the abbreviation, in the Reference List.

• Arrange works with the same author(s) and same year alphabetically by title in the reference list. This then determines which references uses a, b, c etc.
• Add the relevant letter after the year (which is also used for corresponding in-text references). The first reference listed in the reference list uses "a", second uses "b" etc.

In-text citation examples

(Yang & Harris, 2010a)

(Yang & Harris, 2010b)

Reference list examples

Yang, Q., & Harris, J. G. (2010a). Dynamic range control for audio signals using fourth-order level estimation [Paper presentation]. 129th Audio Engineering Society Convention, San Francisco, CA.

Yang, Q., & Harris, J. G. (2010b). A higher-order spectro-temporal integration model for predicting signal audibility [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Dallas, TX. 

• If the date is n.d. (for no date), include a dash then the relevant letter at the end eg. n.d.-a. It will appear before any specified years.
• If the date is "in press", include a dash then the relevant letter at the end eg. in press-a. It will appear after any specified years.

In-text citation examples

(Smith, n.d.-a)

(Jones, in press-a)

• If a month and day are included, references with just a year are first, followed by specified dates in chronological order. 

In-text citation examples

(Taylor, 2019a)

(Taylor, 2019b, May 14)

(Taylor, 2019c, August 3)

Note: This applies to all reference types with the same author(s) and year.

In-text citation

Note:

• Both the original year and the reissued, reprinted, republished or translated year of the work needs to be included.
• The years are separated by a forward slash /.
• The original year is listed first.

Example

(Austen, 1813/2015) OR Austen (1813/2015) claimed that ...